عالم الاتصالات.. الألياف الضوئية

??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? - ???? ??? ??? ???????- ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????.
????? ??????? ???????

????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? (Optical Cables) ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????:
-1 ????? ?? ???? (Core): ??? ???? ?????? (fiber) ?????? ????? ????.
-2 ?????? (Cladding): ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. 3) ???? ??????? (Buffer Coating): ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.
???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? (Jacket).
????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ???:
?-??????? ??? ????? ?????? (Single-Mode Fiber). ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? 9 ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? 1300 ??? 1550 ????????. ?- ??????? ?????? ????? (Multi-Mode Fiber). ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? 62.5 ??????, ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 850 ??? 1300 ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? (Light Emitting Diodes LED). ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? (Core) ?? ??? ???? ????? (1 ???????), ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? 650 ????????, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? (LED) ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ( ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????). ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? (????????? ???????).

??? ???? ??????? ????????
?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? (Bending) ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.
?????? ????? ???? ???? ( ??????) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (??????) ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? (Total Internal Reflection), ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????, ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????.
??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? – ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????- ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ( ????? 850 ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? 60 ??? 75 ??????? ??? ???? ???) ? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ( 10% ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? 1550 ????????).

???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????: ???? ??????? (Transmitter): ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (LASER or LED) ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ( focused lens) ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ????.
??????? ??????? (Fiber Optics) ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? (Optical Regenerator): ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? (Signal Loss) ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? -??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????- ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (doping) , ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? (pump)? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????.
???? ????????? (Optical Receiver): ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? (photocells) ?? ?????? ????????? ????? (photodiode) ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ??????? (Advantages )

????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? –????? ?????? ?????-? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????: - ??????? ??????? ??????. - ???
???? ??????? . ???? ???? ???.. - ????? ????? ??? ?????(Higher carrying capacity)???? ??? ??????? , ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. - ??? ??? ?? ???????. - ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? (interfere) ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????. - ???? ????? ???(Low Power). - ?????? ????? (Digital Signal). ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. - ??? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ???? ????? ????????. - ??? ????? (lightweight). ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. - ???? (flexible). ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? (Medical Imaging), ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ???????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. -

??? ???? ??????? ????????
??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? -????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??- ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? (Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition) ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? Sicl4 ? ?????? ?????????? Gecl4 ?? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????????? Sio2 ? ????? ?????????? Geo2 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? .
??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? (Lathe) ????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ??? ??????? (Fiber Drawing Tower) ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????.
??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???: ??? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? (bandwidth), ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.
??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? 7000 ???????, ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? (microwave) ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? 750 ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

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